(a) I disagree. Both my own experience and a substantial amount of clinical evidence indicate that intrapsychic confl icts are extremely important. See section 2 and the last paragraph of section 3 of...

(a) I disagree. Both my own experience and a substantial amount of clinical evidence indicate that intrapsychic confl icts are extremely important. See section 2 and the last paragraph of section 3 of the case material in the Appendix. (b) I disagree. Freud, Jung, and even Adler himself agree that it is essential and diffi cult to truly know ourselves, and self-knowledge cannot be obtained without introspection. (c) I disagree. Although the “nature–nurture” controversy is far from easy to resolve, a substantial amount of research indicates that heredity has a signifi cant effect on personality development. (d) I disagree. Severe anxiety is far too painful to be only a conscious “trick” for gaining sympathy and attention, although this may be one of the secondary gains. Nor is there anything “easy” about a severe neurosis. Consider that Freud found his own anxiety and neurosis to be so painful that he was driven to devise appropriate methods of treatment.