(a) Consider becoming a brain surgeon or learning to fl y an airplane. (b) A quiet student who wants to earn a higher grade notices that the teacher seems to like students who participate, so the...

(a) Consider becoming a brain surgeon or learning to fl y an airplane. (b) A quiet student who wants to earn a higher grade notices that the teacher seems to like students who participate, so the student raises her hand and asks questions more often. In another class, the student observes that the teacher does not like to be interrupted, so she remains quiet in that situation. (c) A freshman on the football team sees a teammate being yelled at by the coach for not trying hard enough. Although he is tired, he plays harder in order to avoid similar criticism. (d) Consider the discussion in this chapter of violence in the media.