A client who has been experiencing chest pain is scheduled to undergo a cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriogram. Which of the following nursing actions is best for reducing the client’s...

A client who has been experiencing chest pain is scheduled to undergo a cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriogram. Which of the following nursing actions is best for reducing the client’s anxiety?

1. Teach the client how coronary artery disease is usually treated.

2. Listen to the client express his or her feelings about cardiac disease.

3. Explain to the client how well other people have handled these tests.

4. Avoid discussing the cardiac catheterization procedure until the client is relaxed.