(a) A man tells two young boys that he will “pay them well” for shoveling the snow off his walk. Unwisely, they do not negotiate a specifi c amount. The fi rst boy expects to be paid $5, but the...

(a) A man tells two young boys that he will “pay them well” for shoveling the snow off his walk. Unwisely, they do not negotiate a specifi c amount. The fi rst boy expects to be paid $5, but the second boy expects $20. When they are fi nished, the man gives each boy $10. The amount of the reinforcer is identical, but its effects on each boy are quite different because of their expectations. (b) A professional athlete is quite happy making $2 million per year until he discovers that two teammates, whose performance he regards as inferior to his own, are making $5 million per year. He becomes extremely unhappy, sulks, and holds out for half the season. The reinforcer (his salary) has not changed, but its effect has because of observational learning