A 72-year-old man has a radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. After surgery his PSA level was undetectable. He presents 5 years later having been “lost to follow up.” He complains of...

A 72-year-old man has a radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. After surgery his PSA level was undetectable. He presents 5 years later having been “lost to follow up.” He complains of pain in his hip and lower back. His PSA level is now markedly elevated.

What initial investigations are warranted?

What therapies are available for this complication?