A 40-year-old man with a T4 spinal cord injury suddenly complains of severe headache, increased pulse rate, sweating, and flushing above the level of the spinal cord lesion and “goose bumps” below the...

A 40-year-old man with a T4 spinal cord injury suddenly complains of severe headache, increased pulse rate, sweating, and flushing above the level of the spinal cord lesion and “goose bumps” below the level of injury. Which immediate nursing action(s) should be included? (Select all that apply.)

1. Place flat in bed.

2. Identify the cause of stimulation.

3. Decrease blood pressure.

4. Provide measures to facilitate bowel movement.

5. Clamp indwelling catheter.