46. Motivation consists of these three elements:
a) antecedents, contingency and behavior
b) behavior choice, intensity of effort and persistence
c) antecedents, behavior and consequents
d) behavior choice, consequents and persistence
47. An employee who wants a career in human resources decides to enroll in a college level Human Resource Management Course. This is an example of which element of motivation?
a) behavioral choice
b) antecedent
c) intensity
d) consequent
48. Reinforcement theory holds that behavior is influenced by:
a) antecedents and persistence
b) behavior choice and antecedents
c) antecedents and consequents
d) behavior choice and intensity of effort
49. Which of the following is NOT true about pay-for-performance?
a) compensation should be based on behavior so that better performers receive higher pay
b) employees whose pay is not contingent generally perform better than employees whose pay is contingent
c) linking pay to performance is beneficial when it is part of an overall program of performance assessment, goal setting and feedback
d) contingent rewards have a positive effect that endures over time
50. Which of the following is NOT true about goal-setting theory?
a) goals get people energized and excited about accomplishing something worthwhile
b) people work on tasks longer when they have specific goals
c) goals encourage the discovery and use of knowledge
d) if goals are to act as effective motivators, they must be difficult to achieve and nearly impossible to reach
51. According to equity theory:
a) motivation concerns people’s belief that they can actually achieve the desired level of performance
b) people compare the ratio of their inputs and outcomes with the ratios for others
c) valence is the belief that a desirable reward will really be given if the appropriate behavior or outcome is produced
d) a valence is the belief that a certain reward is valuable
52. All of the following are ways an employee who perceives inequity may behave EXCEPT:
a) engage in cyberloafing
b) seek other employment
c) take more time for lunch and breaks
d) pursue formal education to earn an MBA
53. Compensation strategies will be viewed as more fair when:
a) the employee has a process for appeal if they think they are not being treated fairly
b) employees are at the peak of their earnings
c) the pay system is administered by Human Resource professionals
d) pay outcomes are prescribed by a policy and pay raises are predictable
54. According to expectancy theory:
a) people compare the ratio of their inputs and outcomes with the ratios for others
b) principal and agent relationships impact motivation
c) motivation comes from three beliefs: valence, instrumentality, and the belief that the desired level of performance can actually be achieved
d) difficult goals are motivating
55. All of the following are true about agency theory EXCEPT:
a) agents and principals have the same interests with regard to risk
b) the interests of agents are never the same as the interests of principals
c) wage rates should be higher when employees bear risk
d) principals and agents rarely have access to the same information