40 question Earth Science exam 9th grade in canvas. the earth science facts are related to the questions.[Due May 27 at 11:59pm Points:100 Questions:40 Available:May 18 at 9am - May 31 at 11:59pm 14 days Time Limit 120 Minutes Allowed Attempts Unlimited]-The test is on my canvas -sign in username-12365442 password-Joey42129 -then from the main page click (Canvas) -scroll down and click (Earth Science Final Exam 5th and 7th Period) thats the test
Earth Science Facts - Canvas Modified.docx Earth Science Facts Sheet Unit 1 – Scientific Skills 1. Latitude lines are drawn east-west and measure distances north and south of the equator. 2. Longitude lines are drawn north-south and measure distances east and west of the prime meridian. 3. Topographic maps show changes in elevation of the Earth's surface. The closer the isolines are the steeper the slope or gradient (greater change over a short distance). ● Contour lines – lines of equal elevation on topographic maps (close lines = steep) 4. Independent Variable – the variable that is changed by the individual conducting the experiment – displayed on the x-axis of a graph 5. Dependent Variable – changes as a result of the independent variable (the thing being MEASURED in an experiment) – displayed on the y-axis of a graph 6. More dense gases and liquids sink, less dense gases and liquids rise. 7. Four Branches of Earth Science a) Astronomy – study of objects in space b) Meteorology – the study of weather c) Geology – study the materials that make up the Earth and the processes that form and change these materials d) Oceanography – the study of the Earth's oceans 8. Lithosphere – rigid outer shell of the planet, including the crust and the uppermost layer below the crust called the MANTLE 9. Hydrosphere – includes all WATER (hydro in hydrosphere) on Earth Unit 2 – Physical Geology 1. Weathering is the process where rocks are broken down by water, air, and organisms. ● When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering rate increases. ● Mechanical weathering – breaks rocks into smaller pieces, dominates in cold, humid climates o Frost wedging - the repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks. ● Chemical Weathering occurs in warm, humid climates. Rocks compositions are changed into new material. 2. Erosion is the process by which Earth materials are transported by moving water, ice, or wind. ● Gravity causes all these to happen. 3. Deposition is the dropping or settling out of sediment. 4. Most surface water runoff occurs if soil precipitation rate exceeds permeability rate, soil is saturated, and/or the slope of the land is too great. 5. Soil Evolution starts with the weathering of bedrock. ● Organic material called humus must be present in order to have Soil. 6. Soil profile consists of 3 horizons A- Top Soil, humus (most evolved) B- leaching from A C- Weathered Rock 7. Soil is the result of the weathering of rocks and includes the weathered particles sand (largest), silt (medium size), and clay (smallest size) ● Soil Texture can be determined using a Soil Triangle 8. As particle size increases, permeability (the ability to transport water) increases. 9. Igneous rocks are formed by cooling and hardening of hot, molten rock, or magma, from inside the earth ● Intrusive – large crystals – cooled slowly underground ● Extrusive – small crystals, glassy texture – cooled quickly above ground 10. Sedimentary rocks form from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation through compaction and cementation, most likely rock type to have fossils 11. Metamorphic rocks form from re-crystallization of existing rock material, result of high heat and pressure WITHOUT MELTING. Include foliated (banded) and non-foliated Unit 3 – Plate Tectonics 1. Plate tectonics states Earth’s crust is broken into plates which can move. 2. Warm (air, water, magma) rises because it is less dense. Cold Sinks. 3. Convection currents in the mantle move plates. Hot material rises, cools, becomes more dense and sinks. 4. Two types of plates: ● Oceanic (O) – thin plate with high density ● Continental (C) – thick plate with low density 5. Three types of plate boundaries: ● Convergent – two plates coming together, form ocean trenches (where Earth's crust is being destroyed/recycled by subduction) volcanic island arcs(O-O), volcanic arcs(O-C), folded or thrust faulted mountains (C-C) and reverse faults - Appalachian Mountains are folded mountains. ● Divergent – two plates moving away from each other, form mid-ocean ridges where new Earth crust is being created and seafloor is spreading (O-O), rift valleys (C-C) and normal faults ● Transform – two plates sliding past each other in opposite directions, for strike-slip faults and earthquakes 6. A fault is a break or crack in the Earth's Crust where movement has occurred 7. Earthquakes can occur with ANY plate movement ● Focus - the point within the crust where an earthquake originates ● Epicenter - point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake 8. 3 seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an Earthquake. 9. P-waves (primary) are faster than S-waves (secondary) Unit 4 –Energy 1. Sustainable Yield: Taking/using resources at the same rate that they are created. ● Tragedy of the Commons: a situation with unsustainable yield where a resource is depleted or spoiled because it is shared by many without any regulation of how it should be used. Examples include sheep overgrazing, overfishing, and air pollution. 2. Renewable resources can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used. Includes vegetation, water, and soil. ● Examples: Wind, Solar, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Hydrogen Fuel, Biofuels, Tidal 3. Nonrenewable resources are renewed very slowly or not at all. ● Coal, minerals, metals, Uranium, Plutonium (extracted from mining) ● Oil (extracted from drilling) ● Natural Gas (extracted from fracking) ● Tar Sands (extracted from deforestations and surface mining) ● Biomass/wood (extracted from deforestation) 4. Resources can be turned into energy. This picture below shows the energy transfers for COAL being converted into electricity. When looking for alternative energy sources, we should ask ourselves what will spin the turbine? Unit 5 – Hydrology 1. Hydrologic (water) cycle includes the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff. ● Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet or hail falling from clouds onto the Earth's surface ● Infiltration – downward movement of water through the pores and other spaces found in soil ● Runoff - water flowing downslope on the ground ● Evaporation – when water from the Earth's surface changes into water vapor ● Transpiration - evaporation of water from leaves of plants causes the uptake of water from roots in the soil. ● Condensation – when water vapor cools and changes into water droplets that form clouds 2. Most of Earth's freshwater is found in glaciers and ice caps where it is not available for human use. 3. Aquifer – a rock layer that stores groundwater and allows the flow of water. ● Zone of Aeration - both air and water in the pores of the soil ● Zone of Saturation - groundwater completely fills all the pores of the soil. ● Water Table - the boundary where the 2 zones meet. 4. Saltwater intrusion – when fresh water is withdrawn at a faster rate than it can be replenished near an ocean coastal area, salt water from the ocean intrudes into the fresh water aquifer. The result is that fresh water supplies become contaminated with salt water. 5. Wetlands - an ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally. ● Examples: Marshes, Estuaries, Swamps ● Brackish Water: mix of freshwater and salt water. 6. River - a large natural stream of water flowering in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another body of water ● Tributaries - smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones ● Watershed – A region of land where water flows down into a specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean. ● Meander - a bend or curve in a stream caused by moving water ● Oxbow Lake - erosion cuts off and isolates the oxbow into a U-shaped lake. 7. Salinity measures salt in ocean water. Ocean water with MORE SALT = MORE DENSE than water with less salt. ● Salinity helps drive ocean currents dense water will sink and less dense water will rise. o Currents move from cold to warm areas because density difference too. o Ocean currents distribute heat from the Sun, and move from the equator towards the poles 8. Point-source pollution – pollution from one known source (1 particular factory) 9. Nonpoint-source pollution – pollution from many unknown sources (stormwater runoff from city streets, farmland, etc.) 10. Biotic Index – used to assess the quality of water in rivers. Measures the number and variety of species in an ecosystem (and the presence of pollution tolerant or intolerant organisms), generally the MORE VARIETY the HEALTHIER the ecosystem Unit 6 – Meteorology 1. Layers of the Atmosphere have varying temperatures ● Troposphere ● Stratosphere ● Mesosphere ● Thermosphere 2. Weather – the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.) 3. The Earth's atmosphere is 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, 1% trace gases. 4. Dew Point is the temperature when the air is saturated with water (100% relative humidity). 5. Weather moves from west to east in the US. (due to the Westerlies) 6. Winds curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to Earth’s rotation. This is called the Coriolis Effect. 7. The Coriolis Effect results from Earth’s rotation. 8. Wind is the result of pressure differences. It blows from high to low pressure. 9. Wind is named for the direction that it is coming from. 10. Isobar lines – lines of equal atmospheric pressure on weather map (close lines = fast wind) 11. Isotherm lines – lines of equal temperature on weather map (close lines = big temperature change over small distance) 12. Air moves clockwise and outward around a high pressure area. 13. Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a low pressure area. ● A typhoon is the same thing as a hurricane. They are low pressure systems that form over warm water. 14. Air Mass - a large body of air with the same temperature and humidity ● Humidity is classified as continental/dry (c) or maritime/moist (m) ● Temperature is classified as tropical (T) or polar (P) 15. Clouds form when rising air is cooled at or below its dew point and condensation nuclei are present. 16. Fronts - the collision of two or more air masses. ● Cold fronts move quickly and produce rain. ● Warm fronts move slow and produce miles and miles of clouds. ● Occluded Fronts occur when a cold front and a warm front are occurring in the same location. This type of front produces strong swirling winds and heavy precipitation. ● Stationary Fronts occur when neither air mass has enough energy to