written like an 11th grader.
3.4 WWI & the Middle East Summative Assessment Historical Significance: Examine the Role of WWI in Shaping the Middle East Write a short paper answering 5 out of 6 of the questions below. Remember to bring specific examples from the notes and slides as evidence to support your points. 1. Explain how the Middle East was connected to World War I altogether. What role did the Middle East play in the conflict? (Interests, parties involved, arena for warfare) 2. Specify British interests in the Middle East, and explain how the wartime deals the British made supported those interests. 3. Explain how the wartime agreements and/or the post-war settlement (developed at Paris and San Remo) changed the Middle East forever. 4. Evaluate the Mandate system - in your opinion, was it a step towards or a step away from self-determination? 5. Explain Jon Stewart’s opinion of the impact of British decision-making on the Middle East. Based on what your current knowledge, do you agree or disagree with his assessment? Predict the problems or advantages of these new borders looming down the line. 6. Describe TWO major takeaways from this unit that you think will be relevant to the rest of this course. Additional Instructions ● 2 pages, double-spaced, size 12 font, Times New Roman font. ● This assignment does not need to be in a formal essay format. Please answer the questions in paragraph form, with no headings. Remember to indent each paragraph and proofread before submitting. ● If citing outside sources, use Chicago style footnotes and include a bibliography. ● Submit to BOTH Turnitin and Google Classroom by Wednesday, January 13th at 11:59pm. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vOPz0iZqTe74orBs_F88DTi3eFaDfquU/view?usp=sharing Grading Rubric Total: /28 Criteria Level Four Level Three Level Two Level One Comprehension of Material ❏ Knowledge & Understanding /8 Student demonstrates a high degree of understanding of ideas, concepts and themes. Student answers all questions and thoroughly addresses the issues in question Student demonstrates a solid degree of understanding of ideas, concepts and themes. Student answers questions and addresses the issues in question Student demonstrates a degree of understanding of ideas, concepts and themes. Student answers some questions, somewhat addresses the issues in question Student demonstrates a limited degree of understanding of ideas, concepts and themes. Student does not answer questions and does not adequately addresses the issues in question Analysis & Evidence Building ❏ Thinking /8 Student offers highly thorough and detailed analysis of the issues in question. Student uses highly relevant, detailed and convincing evidence to support their claims Student offers thorough and detailed analysis of the issues in question. Student uses relevant evidence supports their claims Student offers somewhat thorough and detailed analysis of the issues in question. Student uses some relevant evidence to support their claims Student offers limited analysis of the issues in question. Student does not use relevant evidence to support their claims New Ideas ❏ Application /4 Student applies prior learning to offer highly thoughtful and relevant takeaways and predictions based on current knowledge. Student applies prior learning to offer mostly thoughtful and relevant takeaways and predictions based on current knowledge. Student applies prior learning to offer some thoughtful and relevant takeaways and predictions based on current knowledge. Student applies prior learning to offer limited takeaways and predictions based on current knowledge. Writing and Development ❏ Thinking ❏ Communication /4 Student’s writing is clear, ideas are well-developed Makes explicit and elegant transitions from one idea to next, further developing thesis. Student’s writing is mostly clear, ideas are developed Makes mostly clear transitions from one idea to the next, helping to develop thesis Student’s writing is somewhat unclear, ideas are somewhat underdeveloped Uses transitions but lacks smooth flow from one idea to the next Student’s writing is unclear, ideas are not developed Few or incorrect use of transitions, ideas do not flow smoothly Mechanics – spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence flow, vocabulary Citation, Footnotes, Bibliography ❏ Communication /4 Grammar and / or spelling used precisely and accurately; excellent sentence flow; vocabulary and phrasing specific and varied. Student follows citation format with meticulous care. Grammar and / or spelling used with considerable accuracy; sentence flow mostly effective; mostly good vocabulary and phrasing. Student follows citation format with care. Grammar and / or spelling used with limited accuracy; lack of sentence flow; weak vocabulary. Student follows citation format with some care. Numerous spelling / grammar errors. Writing lacks coherence. Student does not follow citation format. Feedback Keepers: ★ Polishers: ★ MME Topic 3: WWI & The Making of the Modern Middle East Ms. Minkowitz - Duplicate Notes Notes on Slide Show #1: 3.1 WWI Key questions: What did the world looked like prior to WWI? How did WWI reshape the Middle East? If we want to understand the reasons for conflict in the Middle East, it’s important to remember that conflict could be traced to a number of causes. These include: ● Competition for natural resources ● Religious (sectarian) conflict ● Ethnic diversity and conflict ● State and non-state actors ● Foreign intervention ● Shifting alliances / coalitions ● The “Strongman” (usually a male dictator, which many Middle Eastern countries have in power). ● Displacement and migration ● Modern vs. Classical ● East vs. West ● Shifting borders In this unit we are going to look at begin to understand how the final two causes lead to conflict -- 1) the differences between the East in the world (such as the Middle East) and the West (such as Great Britain, France, and the US) in terms of mentality, approach and whose interests are more important. 2) How changing borders are also important for setting the stage for conflict, and how conflict over borders happens a lot in the Middle East. Jon Stewart video about who's to blame for the problems in the Middle East. Stewart sees the British as the source of the problem for conflicts today because they drew borders in the Middle East in a way that didn’t take the people there into account. The British were more focused in furthering their own interests and goals. Taking a step back for a minute - Our course is called Modern Middle East - when does this “modern” period start? We would say the modern period starts with World War I, which changed a lot of things for the world. It changed the nature of warfare, reset borders and the balance of power in the world, and was a big psychological shift for the people living at the time. 1 Summary of World War I: ● What: A multi-front war that engaged all of the world powers ● Sides: Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (Great Britain, France, Russian Empire and eventually US) ● Dates: August 1914-1918 ● Locations: ○ Western Front: France, Belgium ○ Eastern Front: Russian Empire, Germany ○ Middle Eastern Front: Turkey, Palestine, Iraq ● Causes for War: Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, Nationalism & assassination. ● Significance: changed warfare; tremendous loss of life; breakup of empires The British Empire The countries of Europe had been busy building their empires. Countries would do this by forming colonies in other countries they controlled. European countries controlled countries in Africa and Asia either through diplomatic means (treaties, agreements) or military means (waging war). Both France and Britain had built empires, but the vastest empire of all before the war was the British Empire. There was a famous quote that said, “the sun never set on the British Empire” because they controlled territory across most of the time zones in the globe. This meant that it was always daylight someplace in the empire at any given time. Britain was always doing whatever it could to build and protect its empire. An empire brought glory and prestige to a country, it was a source of natural resources as well as markets for selling goods, and it also provided strategic access to water and shipping routes. The Middle East Before World War I Before the war, the map looked like the picture on the left - you could see a few bands of color, but bigger territories. By 1922, the map looked very different - a number of colors and new, narrower borders. Our question now becomes -- how did we get from picture A to picture B? 2 http://www.english-online.at/history/world-war-1/map-of-western-front.jpg http://www.english-online.at/history/world-war-1/eastern-front.gif http://guerre1418.org/photos/plans/FrontOrient1914-16GF.gif Before World War I, the Middle East contained three main components: 1) The Ottoman Empire 2) Persia 3) Arabia Pre-War Ottoman Empire: During World War I, the centuries-old Ottoman Empire mostly encompassed the areas around Turkey, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine (Israel hadn’t been created yet). Armenia was also part of the empire. Territory: At its height, OE controlled huge swaths of territory, including Hungary, the Balkan region, Greece, and parts of Ukraine; portions of the Middle East now occupied by Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. OE ruled Palestine from 1517 to 1917, the longest period of time any one empire or kingdom ruled that territory. Ethnicity: At its height, OE controlled huge swaths of territory that included populations of many different ethnicities → OE is a multi-ethnic empire that included Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, Kurds, Arabs Pre-War Persia: ● What is now modern-day Iran ● Was divided into three spheres of influence before the war: Russian-controlled, British-controlled, and a neutral zone ● During the war it became a strategic battleground for Russian, and British troops to counter the Turks Prewar Arabia: Arabia: This encompassed most of modern-day Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates. Parts of it were fought over by the Ottoman Empire for a century prior to the war, when power had gone back and forth, but the region remained relatively autonomous during World War I. 3 The Ottoman Empire is going to be our focus for the rest of this unit. As noted, at its height the Ottoman Empire controlled huge swaths of territory. Much of this territory was valuable in the eyes of Europeans. As the empire declined from its previous strength. European powers like France, Portugal and Great Britain stood ready to swoop in and benefit. This cartoon comes from 1877, so a number of years before World War I. It shows a group of men gathered around a map, holding scissors and preparing to cut. The men wearing the clothing of different European countries. Off to the side is a smaller man wearing an Ottoman fez, a distinctive hat. He appears to be smoking a hookah, and wears a cross expression. The caption reads, “let us