3. The apparent viscosity of a non-newtonian liquid at a given shear rate is the value indicated by a viscometer operating on the liquid at that shear rate. It is the viscosity that would be indicated...

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Extracted text: 3. The apparent viscosity of a non-newtonian liquid at a given shear rate is the value indicated by a viscometer operating on the liquid at that shear rate. It is the viscosity that would be indicated by the viscometer if the liquid were Newtonian. (a) Calculate the apparent viscosity of a 4 percent suspension of paper pulp in water at shear rates du/dy of 10 s1 and 1000 s². (b) Repeat for a 25 percent suspension of clay in water.


Extracted text: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE > Temperature affects the viscosity The relationship between viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are: TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA DENSITY or Amount of mass in mass Mass (rho) a unit volume of p = For Liquids: density substance. volume 1 µ = Ho SPECIFIC VOLUME 1 V, \1 + at + Bt² Vs The volume :- occupied by a unit mass of fluid Viscosity of liquid at tºC, in poise Viscosity of liquid at 0°C, in poise Constants for the liquid a, B WATER: µ0 = 0.00179 Poise = 0.03368 B = 0.000221 The weight per unit volume of a material weight y = SPECIFIC mg WEIGHT or Unit weight (gamma) volume = p9 V PSOLID _ PLIQUID_ PGAS SPECIFIC SG A dimensionless For Gases: GRAVITY Or Relative SG = Pwater PWATER PAIR or ratio of a material's %3D H = Hot at – ßt2 S density to some Density or Relative standard reference density. AIR: u0 = 0.000017 Poise = 0.000000056 B = 0.1189 x 10-9 YsouD YLQUID_YGAS SG = YWATER YWATER YAIR Gravity UNITS OF VISCOSITY: TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA N's = Pa's m2 Sl unit of viscosity= a) A material property shear stress VISCOSITY Viscosity 1 poise 100 cP (centipoises) (mu) that measures the or 1 g/cms 0.1 Pas du dy fluid's resistance to flow. The measure of a fluid's resistance to internal shear stresses or angular deformation. dyne's = Poise cm? Dynamic Viscosity velocity CGS unit of viscosity= 1 cP 0.001 kg/ms 2.4191 Ibm/fth 6.72 x 10-4 Ibm/fts y dimension kgf's MKSunit of viscosity= m² boundary plate (2D, moving) 2.09 x 10-5 Ibf s/ft2 Dependent on temperature. b) Viscosity is the constant of velocity, u shear stress, T NOTE: 1. The viscosities of liquids are generally much greater than those of gases 2. The viscosity of a liquid increases with pressure, but the effect is generally insignificant at pressures less than 40 atm. ди fluid gradient, proportionality between shear stress and the gradient (spatial derivative) of velocity boundary plate (2D, stati onary) The ratio of the dynamic viscosity (u) to the density of the fluid (p) KINEMATIC V VISCOSITY (nu) V =- or Momentum Unit: m2/s, ft2/s cm2/s = stoke diffusivity a) It is the intermolecular Pressure inside a droplet of liquid: SURFACE TENSION (sigma) cohesive forces that causes bubbles and droplets to take on a spherical shape, since any other shape would have 40 PGAGE more surface area d per unit volume. b) The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their P = gage pressure (N/m2) o= surface tension (N/m) d = droplet diameter (m) surface is called surface tension. | 오 PIESS