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European Psychoactive Plants         2
EUROPEAN PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS
Table of Contents
Part A: Response to the Questions    3
Question 1    3
Question 2    3
Question 3    3
Question 4    4
Part B: Essay    5
Introduction    5
Common & Scientific Names    5
Geographic Origins    5
Current Distribution    6
Current Uses    6
Chemical Nature of Psychoactive Principle    7
Physiological Effects    7
Conclusion    8
References    9
Part A: Response to the Questions
Question 1
Archaeology refers to the study of antique objects to conclude about the human culture and history by scientific analysis. It refers to the study of ancient remnants and make inferences about the biological and historical evidences. Paleoethnobotany refers to the linkage between ancient people and plants.
Paleoethnobotany is referred to the analysis of the interdependence between the ancient human beings and some distinct ancient plants based on the inferences that are drawn from identification and explanation of the plant remains discovered from the archaeological sites. So, archaeology is explicitly associated with the discovery of ancient plants that were used by human beings during their corresponding period.
On the other hand, palaeobotany refers to the analyzing and examination of plants that have been found by fossil records.
Question 2
    The artifactual data are those that are artificial and are not real. This includes the paintings and potteries that has been excavated from the sites about the ancient psychoactive. While, the Paleoethnobotanical data comprises of the fossils and phytoliths that gives the evidences of the psychoactive plants in real terms. It is much more subjective that the artifactual data.
Question 3
Psychoactive plants are heavily used in medicine and religious life since ancient times. shamanic religions that have dominated much of prehistoric times have been induced by the psychoactive plants and other techniques that permit direct contact with the divine. These were mainly used as hallucinogens and other psychoactive botanicals that are considered by cultures throughout history as the plants of God and some sacred substance that bring knowledge, power, healing, and mystical insight (Merlin, 2003). On the other hand, it is used in the medical field because of its psychoactive compounds that produce effective chemical structures of neurotransmitters that help in altering the transmission of nerve impulses.
Question 4
Psychoactive plants that is effectively used are:
· Coffee- Coffea Arabica which has stimulated and temporal warding of drowsiness and restoring alertness.
· Tobacco- Nicotiana Tabacum is used as stimulant and relaxant.
· Coca- Erythroxylum Coca it is used as appetite suppressant and stimulant.
· Opium- Papaver Somniferum - this is used as...