21 Since application are often develop independently in file processing systems, unplanned _ data files often arise. This is wasteful since it requires additional storage space and increased effort to...

Database Management System. Please choose letter of correct answer.

Extracted text: 21 Since application are often develop independently in file processing systems, unplanned _ data files often arise. This is wasteful since it requires additional storage space and increased effort to keep all files up to date. Unfortunately, data files often result in loss of data integrity since either the data formats may be inconsistent or data values may not agree (or both). Such unplanned and uncontrolled redundancy also can lead to loss of metadata integrity. Limited Data Sharing Program-Data Dependence Duplication of Data None of the Choices