2. In 2021, two beach volleyball stars decided to boycott a tournament held in Qatar over a...

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2. In 2021, two beach volleyball stars decided to boycott a tournament held in Qatar over a requirement that women competitors wear long shirts and pants while competing ‘out of respect for the culture and traditions of the host country’. Read the following article on this case and then answer the questions below: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/feb/22/qatar-beach-volleyball-bikini-ban-karlaborger-boycott 2 Consider how a relativist and universalist would assess whether it is ethical for the organisers of this tournament to impose dress standards on competitors. Your answer should: 2A. Explain the main differences between relativist and universalist approaches to ethics [1 mark]; and 2B. Illustrate these differences in how a universalist and relativist would analyse the ethical issue in this case. [1 mark] 3. In 2021, Facebook temporarily blocked users from accessing Australian news sites via their site, in protest against Australian government legislation to compel Facebook to pay news organisations for the articles that Facebook users distribute. Read the following article on this case and then answer the questions below: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-18/facebook-to-restrict-sharing-or-viewing-news-inaustralia/13166208 3A. Explain what makes an action ethical according to utilitarians and at least one argument for this view. [2 marks] 3B. Outline at least two benefits and two harms in this case that a utilitarian would consider in their analysis of Facebook’s actions. [2 marks] 3C. In light of your answer in 3B, explain how a utilitarian would assess the ethics of Facebook’s actions in this case overall? [1 mark] 4. As the COVID19 vaccine becomes more widely available, experts have discussed whether employers should be able to compel workers to accept a vaccine. Read the following article to answer the questions below [Note: Remember ethics is not just about what is legally allowed or required] https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/bosses-have-the-power-to-force-employees-to-takethe-vaccine-experts-20210101-p56r64.html 4A. According to Kant, what determines whether an action is right or wrong? [1 mark] 4B. Outline at least two rights or duties that employers may have in this case, and at least two rights or duties workers in this case might have. [2 marks] 4C. Briefly explain Kant’s ‘categorical imperative’. Choose one right or duty in your answer to question 4B, and explain how this would either meet or not meet the requirements of Kant’s categorical imperative. [2 marks] 5. Read the article below on the continued rise in CEO pay in the banking sector after the Royal Commission into Misconduct in Banking and Financial Services, and then answer the following questions: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/17/australian-ceo-bonuses-at-nearrecord-highs-despite-royal-commission 5A. How does a virtue ethicist decide whether an action is ethical or unethical? [1 mark] 5B. How would a virtue ethics approach to whether CEOs are paid too much be different from the utilitarian approach Moriarty discusses in Week 2? [2 Marks] 5C. Provide your own analysis of whether CEOs are paid too much from a virtue ethics standpoint. Your answer should consider at least 2 virtues, and 2 vices, that might be relevant, and explain why a virtue ethicist would think these are important [3 marks]

Vasudha · Accepted Answer

2A. The main difference between the relativist and Universalist approaches to ethics: Relativist approach is as per the local cultural approach. The relativist approach gives value to each cultural belief and practices. Whereas, Universalist approach is universally apply to all culture. This approach believes that, there is a possibility to frame common belief and practices which apply universally.
2B. Universalist Approach:  According to this approach, volleyball players are allowed to wear the attire which is universal.  As universal considers the approach which can be used in any location, and which is also accepted by all. 
Relativist approach: As per this approach, volleyball players in Qatar will wear the attire which is locally accepted. In this case local government wanted the players to wear long shirts and pants for women.
3A. Utilitarian approach is one which benefits or makes good to great number of people and prevent or causing least amount of harm to the people.
In the present case, Facebook banned the news in its social media at the eleventh hour. This move by the Facebook was not informed by the company, which affected millions of users. This move by the company also affected the emergency services.
The action by the news agency is ethical as Facebook is referred for nationally and internationally for all kinds of latest updates and news. News agencies were not paid for using their news. News were used, shared and debated in the Facebook platform.
3B. 
Benefits in this case: 
1. Facebook is benefited by the news agency, as more and more users interacted in this platform and this in turn increased the revenue through advertisement earnings. Advertisements are based number of viewers and numbers of clicks to the Facebook.
2. Facebook users not only referred the for the news contents, but also shared and liked the pages, this increased the traction. The more traction attracts the additional users and news users to the list.
Harms in this case:
1. The reputation of the Facebook was affected to the large extent. As users not only referred for the news but also in emergency situations, took the help of this digital platform. A large number of citizens who relied on this platform were affected to the great extent and even the Government of Australia was dissatisfied by this move.
2. Eventually if Facebook has to come back to the normal viewership. It has to make a deal with the news agencies and negotiate for the payment deals.
3C.

2. In 2021, two beach volleyball stars decided to boycott a tournament held in Qatar over a requirement that women competitors wear long shirts and pants while competing ‘out of respect for the...

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