2-11. (Adopted from Safety Health and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes by AICHE). The level of exposure to hazardous materials for personnel of chemical plants is a very important safety concern....

Extracted text: 2-11. (Adopted from Safety Health and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes by AICHE). The level of exposure to hazardous materials for personnel of chemical plants is a very important safety concern. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) defines as a hazardous material any substance or mixture of substances capable of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of a human being. OSHA also requires the Permissible Exposure Limit, or PEL, to be listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the particular component. The PEL is defined by the OSHA authority and is usually expressed in volume parts per million and abbreviated as ppm. Vinyl chloride is believed to be a human carcinogen, that is an agent which causes or promotes the initiation of cancer. The PEL for vinyl chloride in air is 1 ppm, i.e., one liter of vinyl chloride per one million liters of mixture. For a dilute mixture of a gas in air at ambient pressure and temperature, one can show that that volume fractions are equivalent to molar fractions. Compute the PEL of VC in the following units: (a) moles of VC/m³ (b) grams of VC/m³ (c) moles VC/mole of air