1)According to the immigration and naturalization services, Arab Americans are considered whites. According to the arguments presented by a number of authors, there is a level of instability in the...

1) According to the immigration and naturalization services, Arab Americans are considered whites. According to the arguments presented by a number of authors, there is a level of instability in the racial identity of Arab Americans, please explain.
Arab Americans has been considered as whites as per the immigration as well as naturalization services. But there has been an instability level in Arab American’s racial identity. There is a relational connection of the ethnicity, race and national identity with that of discourse and public policy. Belonging to whites was historically desired by all due to economic, social and political climate of US. However, white’s racial construction included a phenol-typical component which the Arab group members may not or may possess. Thus, ethnic identity is situational with cultural factors and the important material helping understand the context as shown in Arab’s case (Fenton, 2010). As per study by the Jenkins and smith, identity of a person in modern world appears in several contexts which overlap such as social, personal and political etc (Jenkins 1997; Smith 1996). Also, identity involves micro and macro understanding level affecting the self-determination.
Shryock & Lin (2009) and Ajrouch & Jamal (2007) argued that Arabs may be identified racially as white but the self perception of Arabs was not in harmony with the classification given to them by state. The variation because of Intra-group that pertains to racial self reporting amongst the members of Arab includes Syrian, Christian and Lebanese Arabs with more inclination for classification them as white compared to Iraqis, Muslims and Yemenis (Ajrouch & Jamal, 2007). Also, the internalization as well as the process of these choices of racial selection further warranted the research.
There was racial stratification and solidification of building of the nation-state via system maintained by settlers. This intended to attempt to define the boundaries and qualities of whites without any problem with the normalization of whiteness along with equation with civilization (Marx 1999:327). Thus, whiteness was views as norm eventually. Another argued study about instability of Arab Americans whiteness was study about the upward assimilation along with mobility as in case of Euro-ethics and European Jews into the middle class American enabled groups so as to bring transition into white race (Ignatiev, 1995; Sacks, 1994). Another study emphasizing was exclusion from whiteness as possessed by the social discrimination and this was supported institutionally by the federal government (Sacks, 1994). Arab immigration case where Arabs moved to US is one of several ethnic immigrant groups preceding and shadowing in voyage for life in US. First Arab’s groups who immigrated to Us were Christians from Syria (Suleiman, 1987). Legal privilege and construction of white race attracted them to fight for whiteness (Roediger, 1991). As per ethnology literature, Syrians were under classification of Caucasian and contested for identity of whites with the use of 5 points. It was believed that activism in racial prerequisite cases of other immigrants earned them by the whiteness (Gualtieri, 2001). Efforts by Syrians in order to attain the white identity seemed to be based on naturalization issue, but the possible rejection into white race was an indication towards more than citizenship right or label, it meant that they would have been grouped with the blacks who were ranked inferior as per the racial hierarchy (Gualtieri, 2001)
These studies and arguments from various authors indicated that there was still instability of Arab American’s racial identity.
2) Hana brown et al in their article Rethinking Panethincity and The Race-Immigration Divide proposed an Ethno-racialization model to show how the concept of Panethnicity can be reconfigured to develop a robust account of group formation. Please explain how this model can help Arab Americans group formation.
Core catalyst for formation of panethnic group is basically the...