174) ________
are software tools that enable end users to create reports or develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance.
175) ________ design is a process used to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end-users and information system specialists work together in intensive interactive design sessions.
176) Developing a new information system is one kind of planned organizational ________.
177) Information technology can promote various degrees of organizational change, ranging from ________ to far-reaching.
178) ________ shifts and re-engineering often fail because extensive organizational change is so difficult to orchestrate.
179) Once the existing process is ________ and measured in terms of time and cost, the process design team will try to improve the process by designing a new one.
180) Once a process has been implemented and optimized, it needs to be continually ________.
181) New information systems are an outgrowth of a process of organizational ________.
182) Systems development can be broken down into ________ activities.
183) Approximately 20 percent of the time devoted to maintenance is used for ________ or correcting emergency production problems.
184) There are alternative methodologies for modelling and designing systems, the most prominent are ________ and object-oriented development.
185) To be used effectively, ________ tools require organizational discipline.