17. A state planning ideology arose in LDCs as a reaction to nationalist perceptions ofa. keeping balanced budget a prime target.b. slow economic growth under colonial capitalism.c. minimizing public...

17. A state planning ideology arose in LDCs as a reaction to nationalist perceptions ofa. keeping balanced budget a prime target.b. slow economic growth under colonial capitalism.c. minimizing public spending in the rural areas.d. western countries’ nation-state ideology.18. Planning in many LDCs has failed because detailed programs for the public sector have not been worked out anda. governments depend primarily on their colonial masters.b. excessive controls are used in the private sector.c. the brain drain cost government substantially.d. monopolies dominate in the agricultural sector1. Which of the following may constitute the International Monetary Fund’s conditionality for borrowing?I government reducing budget deficits.II limiting credit creation and liberalizing trade.III achieving market?clearing prices.IV restraining public-sector employment and wage rates.a. I and II only.b. III and IV only.c. I, II, III and IV.d. None of the above.