138) ________ is where the same attribute may have different values.
139) ________
refers to the coupling of data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files so that changes in programs require changes to the data.
140) Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be ________ to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.
141) A more rigorous definition of a ________
is a collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and controlling redundant data.
142) A ________
is software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.
143) A DBMS ________ data redundancy and inconsistency by minimizing isolated files in which the same data are repeated.
144) Microsoft Access is a relational DBMS for ________ systems.
145) Microsoft SQL Server are ________ DBMS for large mainframes and mid-range computers.
146) Oracle Database Lite is a DBMS for small ________ computing devices.
147) A ________ is a field in a record that uniquely identifies instances of that record so that it can be retrieved, updated, or sorted.