11. Managers and supervisors cannot be unionized.
12. Managers have the most direct contact with employees.
13. A union that had just been certified and is negotiating its first contract is likely to reach an agreement with the management.
14. Intraorganizational bargaining has a win-win focus, as it seeks solutions beneficial to both sides of the bargaining table.
15. Generally, more people are present during the later stages of a negotiation than at the initial stages.
16. Management is less able to afford a strike when products are of a non-perishable nature.
17. Mediation is the most formal but least used of the conflict resolution procedures to settle impasses in contract negotiations.
18. The Duty of Fair Representation is mandated by the NLRA and requires that all bargaining-unit members, whether union members or not, have equal access to and representation by the union in the grievance procedure.
19. Problems related to wages and benefits are the most common issues to reach arbitration.
20. The traditional approach to labor relation was characterized by better conflict resolution, more shop-floor cooperation, and greater worker autonomy and feedback in decision making.