11) IP refers to the Internet Protocol (IP), establishes a connection between the computers, sequences the transfer of packets, and acknowledges the packets sent.
12) A digital signal is represented by a continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium; analog signals are used for voice communication.
13) A analog signal is a discrete, binary waveform, rather than a continuous waveform.
14) A modem is a device that translates digital signals from a computer into analog form so that they can be transmitted over analog telephone lines.
15) A local-area network (LAN) is designed to connect personal computers and other digital devices within a half-mile or 500-metre radius.
16) The most common LAN operating systems are Windows, Linux, and Novell.
17) Ethernet is the dominant LAN standard at the physical network level, specifying the physical medium to carry signals between computers; access control rules; and a standardized set of bits used to carry data over the system.
18) A peer-to-peer network treats all processors equally and is used primarily in small networks with 10 or fewer users.
19) Sometimes LANs are described in terms of the way their components are connected together, or their topology.
20) In a bus topology, one station transmits signals, which travel in both directions along a single transmission segment.