11. Benchmarks are an instrument designed to measure the factors that are important to managerial success.
12. Performance appraisal is the process of measuring employees' performance.
13. Downward feedback is a performance appraisal process for managers.
14. Most employee development occurs through formal education programs.
15. Job enlargement adds challenges or new responsibilities to an employee's current job.
16. Job rotation helps employees gain an overall appreciation of the company's goals and also improves their problem-solving skills.
17. Transfers, like relocations, generally involve increased job responsibilities or increased compensation.
18. A lateral move occurs when an employee is given less responsibility and authority.
19. Employees on sabbatical generally do not receive their salary or benefits during their leave of absence, but are guaranteed reinstatement upon their return to the company.
20. Most mentoring relationships develop informally as a result of interests or values shared by the mentor and protégé.