1. What limitations are there for the application-led, file-based approach, and how does the database approach overcome these? 2. What is the distinction between a conceptual schema and a data model?...

1. What limitations are there for the application-led, file-based approach, and how does the database approach overcome these?

2. What is the distinction between a conceptual schema and a data model?

3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a flat file as against a multidimensional file.

4. By considering a stock record, give an example of an entity, an attribute, a record, a field, a data item, a key and a repeating group.

5. Figure 8.30 shows an order form for the ABC Company. (a) Suggest a record structure suitable for keeping data on orders. Show any repeating fields and specify field sizes and types. (b) The order file is to be kept as a permanent record so that customers can make enquiries concerning the status of their order and its contents by providing the order number. The status possibilities for the order are ‘received’, ‘awaiting stock’, ‘being processed’, ‘finished’. The file is also used in end-of-week batch processing of orders. Suggest a suitable file organization and provide a justification for your answer.