1. The reliability of the coupling device in a standby or parallel system is more complex than the voter reliability in a TMR circuit. These effects on availability may be significant. How large can...

1.
The reliability of the coupling device in a standby or parallel system is more complex than the voter reliability in a TMR circuit. These effects on availability may be significant. How large can the coupling failure rate be and still be ignored?

2.
Repair in any of these systems is predicted by knowing when a system has failed. In the case of TMR, we gave a simple logic circuit that would detect which element has failed. What is the equivalent detection circuit in the case of a parallel or standby system and what are the effects?