1) The entry of the cell into G1 means that
a) there are no damages present in its DNA
b) it is on the path to mitosis
c) it will necessarily continue until cytokinesis is reached
d) all of the above
2)An real and important exception to the central dogma of molecular biology arises in the case of
a) proteins that code for DNA molecules
b) reverse transcription
c) large regions of “junk” DNA in eukaryotic genomes
the presence of introns in mammalian genomes
3) SASP is
a) the product released by certain secreting cells
b) believed to be the cause of aging
c) part of the phenotype of senescent cells
d) is generally valuable as it fights cancer
4)Weight loss in a person might be the result of
a) sarcopenia
b) diabetes
c) cancer
d) all of these
5)The basic reason for sarcopenia and several other related conditions is
a) aging of stem cell populations
b) the presence senescent cells among older stem cell populations
c) the increasingly inflammatory condition of aged bodies
d) all of these are possible causes
6) Endotoxic shock is caused by
a) the release of exotoxins by bacteria
b) Staphyolococcal infections
c) a cytokine storm provoked by dead bacteria
d) all of the above
7) Omega three fatty acids are important to aging people because
a) the lubricate the intestines
b) they flush out toxins
c) the line wrinkles making them seem to disappear
d) the are need to make anti-inflammatory prostaglandins
8)When DNA is damaged
a) the cell will go into apoptosis
b) the cell will become senescent
c) the cell will repair its DNA damage
d) all of the above are possible outcomes
9) Events experienced in early development can biologically influence later life events (like getting type 2 diabetes) by causing alteration
a) in a cell's cytoplasm
b) causing changes in cell's histone proteins
c) by causing changes in a cell's DNA
d) none of the above - cells don't remember
10) The cytokines controlled by by inhibiting the enzyme called cyclooxygenase are
a) involved in controlling the cell cycle
b) are composed of lipid molecules
c) are involved in the phosphorylation of cell cycle components
d) able to directly influence transcription in the nucleus without receptors
11) Osteoporosis occurs due to
a) the inactivation of osteoblasts due to hormone lack
b) the activation of osteoclasts
c) the lack of male hormone in males
d) all of the above
12) The major treatment for osteoporosis, biphosphamide works by
a) binding to strengthening the bone surface
b) activating osteoblasts
c) activiting osteoclasts
d) driving osteoclasts into apoptosis
13. The osteoclast is derived from a blood cells called ______________________________
14. Telomers
a) are what join the two chromatids together
b) get longer with each cell division
c) are thought to be behind the Hayflick limit
d) prevent cancers in susceptible animals
15, The hormone that acts as a cytokine locally within muscles, to stimulate new muscle fiber growth is called ________________________
16. The ATM-ATR complex
a) is involved in DNA repair
b) is "named after" a human genetic disease
c) If the "ATM" part is damaged a segmental progeria occurs
d) all of the above
17. ROS stands for ____________ ________________ _____________________________.
18. There is some evidence that aging cells have more DNA damages because
a) DNA ages and breaks
b) older chromatin is more permeable to mutagens
c) their mitochondria are more active
d) DNA repair is slower and less efficient
19. Foam cells
a) are derived from neutrophils
b) are used to cushion mechanical aging damage
c) release inflammatory cytokines that attract other cells and cause inflammation
d) are the major culprits in Alzheimer's disease
20. Brain stem cells
a) can become neurons or glia (non-neuronal brain cells
b) are found in the SEZ (subependymal zone)
c) produce progenitor cells which in the mouse at least can be found all over the brain
d) all of these
21. Hereditary cancers result from
a) mutations to checkpoint proteins
b) mutations to DNA repair enzymes
c) mutations to signaling systems involved in cell proliferation
d) all of the above
22. In general you can say that the lymphoid line of cells becomes part of the innate immune system and myeloid cells become part of the adaptive immune system. True or false?
23. Most mutagens are also carcinogens True or False?
24. A cytokine that accumulates in the brain of aged mice when injected into a young mouse causes decreased neurogenesis and
a) decreased cognitive abilities
b) increased cognitive abilities
c) immune tolerance
d) b and c, but not a
25. Cells that cause cells to fail to pass a checkpoint include
a) radiation
b) wrong number of chromosomes
c) DNA damage
d) all of the above
26.-30. Essay 1 – The following is a paragraph from a treatise on osteoporosis:
"In summary, the multifaceted activities of estrogen are fully reflected in bone. Of the many surprises encountered investigating estrogen action in bone is the relationship among
estrogen, the immune system, and the skeleton (Figure 3 not show here). Clearly, if this relationship is equally relevant in humans as in rodents, postmenopausal osteoporosis should be regarded as
the product of an inflammatory disease bearing many characteristics of an organ-limited autoimmune disorder, triggered by estrogen deficiency, and brought about by chronic mild
decreases in T cell tolerance. Why such a pathway should have emerged is intriguing. One explanation is suggested by the need to stimulate bone resorption in the immediate
postpartum period in order to meet the markedly increased maternal demand for calcium brought about by milk production. The signal for this event is the drop in estrogen levels early
postpartum. Henry Kronenberg (Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) has suggested that postmenopausal bone loss should be regarded as an unintended recapitulation
of this phenomenon (personal communication).
Another response to delivery is the restoration of normal immune reactivity and the loss of tolerance to the fetus. It is tempting to speculate that cessation of ovarian function induces
bone loss through an adaptive immune response because natural selection has centralized these 2 key adaptations to postpartum within the immune system. “
What does the author mean when he compares osteoporosis in terms intensified osteoclast activity and an abnormal immune response – what makes him suspect this?
31- 40. .a) Describe the progression of events that leads to atherosclerosis in numbered steps. b) What effect does inflammation play in this process c) what is the event that can lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
41.- 50. According to the figure below ,
a) Could growth factors contribute to a cell becoming apoptotic? If so, how so, if not why not?
b) what would you guess were the functions of fos and jun (found within the pink nucleus in the drawing). Were you right, why or why not? c) What activates the PKA protein ? d) Major pathways leading to apoptosis converge on “Mt” - what do you think that stands for and why?
51. - 55. What causes Alzheimer's disease (a correct answer will earn a good grade and a Nobel prize!)?
56. - 60. The APC gene in adenomatous familial polyposis responds to cell to cell contact, to a cell's moving or not and to a cell having the correct number of chromosomes (it seems to sense pressure or tension (in the physics sense, not in the psychological sense). Though it does not cause cancer it often leads to cancer – why, how ? Give a chain of events that might occur from first inheriting the gene to cancer.