1. The embodied energy of carbon steel is approximately 27 MJ/kg. Use the annual production figure in the data sheet for carbon steel in Chapter 14 to estimate the global energy saving if the efficiency of steel production could be improved by just 1%.
2. The process by which primary aluminum is made consumes approximately 210 MJ/kg of energy (oil equivalent) and emits approximately 12 kg of CO2 per kg of aluminum. Energy at present costs about $0.007/MJ, and the carbon tax stands at about $15/metric ton. If energy prices double and the carbon tax increases by a factor of 5, how much will it change the cost of producing aluminum? (The April 2011 spot price of aluminum is about $2.5/kg.)
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