1. List common causes of urinary calculi. 2. Explain how hydronephrosis develops and its effects on the kidney. 3. Describe the incidence and early signs of adenocarcinoma of the kidney, bladder...

1. List common causes of urinary calculi.

2. Explain how hydronephrosis develops and its effects on the kidney.

3. Describe the incidence and early signs of adenocarcinoma of the kidney, bladder cancer, and Wilms’ tumor.

4. Explain how nephrosclerosis affects:

 (a) the kidney, and

(b) systemic blood pressure.