1. Explain the intuition behind the two rules in the Bell-LaPadula model for manda- tory access control. 2. Give an example of how covert channels can be used to defeat the Bell-LaPadula model. 3....

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Extracted text: 1. Explain the intuition behind the two rules in the Bell-LaPadula model for manda- tory access control. 2. Give an example of how covert channels can be used to defeat the Bell-LaPadula model. 3. Give an example of polyinstantiation. 4. Describe a scenario in which mandatory access controls prevent a breach of security that cannot be prevented through discretionary controls. 5. Describe a scenario in which discretionary access controls are required to enforce a security policy that cannot be enforced using only mandatory controls. 6. If a DBMS already supports discretionary and mandatory access controls, is there a need for encryption? 7. Explain the need for each of the following limits in a statistical database system: (a) A maximum on the number of queries a user can pose. (b) A minimum on the number of tuples involved in answering a query. (c) A maximum on the intersection of two queries (i.e., on the number of tuples that both queries examine).