1 Determine the critical angle (total reflection) when the material in the first region has a relative permittivity of _r = 1:3, a relative permeability of _r = 1:0, and conductivity of _ = 0:0 S/m....

1 Determine the critical angle (total reflection) when the material in the first region has a relative permittivity of _r = 1:3, a relative permeability of _r = 1:0, and conductivity of _ = 0:0 S/m. The material in the second region is free space.

2. Calculate the total loss due to beam spreading as a plane wave travels through the atmosphere at an elevation angle of 3:0o and a height of 4:5 km.

3 For an atmospheric duct with a thickness of 15 m, calculate the critical angle when the refractive gradient is 300 N/km.

4. For vegetation with a specific attenuation of 0:4 dB/m and a maximum attenuation of 31:2 dB, calculate the total attenuation when a target is located at a distance of 40 m.