1. Describe the nonexperimental pretest–posttest design and the quasi-experimental time-series design, and identify examples of these designs when they appear in a research report. 2. Define...

1. Describe the nonexperimental pretest–posttest design and the quasi-experimental time-series design, and identify examples of these designs when they appear in a research report.

2. Define cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, identify these designs when they appear in a research report, and describe the strengths and weaknesses of each design.