1. Define field studies and simulation, explain why they are used as alternatives to laboratory experiments, and identify these techniques when they appear in a research report. 2. Define individual...

1. Define field studies and simulation, explain why they are used as alternatives to laboratory experiments, and identify these techniques when they appear in a research report.

2. Define individual differences and explain how assignment bias and confounding from environmental variables can threaten the internal validity of a between-subjects design.