1. Based on this project please Interpret the findings and draw your conclusion.
The effects of delayed systolic blood pressure monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes among middle aged adults. Summary According to the article, the purpose was to examine middle-aged adults around fifty to fifty-nine years old for irregularities in the blood pressure monitoring and its impacts on their Type 2 Diabetes (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). The participants are middle-aged diabetic adults in two different groups based on their systolic blood pressure (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). One group had a stable systolic blood pressure control of 130 mm Hg for the span of their life and the other group delayed maintenance of their blood pressure from 150 mm Hg to 130 mm Hg (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). The researchers did a Monte Carlo simulation model based on a predicted population of one thousand people (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). There was a comparison done against the average life expectancy (ALE) and average quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) to show if there was a difference in these two-life expectancies when these diabetic adults delay their systolic blood pressure (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). The results show that stable systolic blood pressure had ALE of 22.10 years and QALE of 20.39 years (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). However, the delay in the systolic blood pressure had ALE lowered by 209 days and QALE of 332 days compared to the stable systolic blood pressure (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). Then the researchers compared this baseline to the different increments in years of delaying the stability of their systolic blood pressure (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). The one-year delay in systolic blood pressure had no significant impact on their ALE and QALE (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). Although, the number of years of delaying their stability in the systolic blood pressure decreased in their ALE and QALE (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). As the years of the stability of their systolic blood pressure within these middle-aged diabetic patients increased, there was a reduction in ALE by ten days and in QALE by fifteen days (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). Overall, this article shows a relationship between systolic blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). If these middle-aged diabetic patients do not manage their systolic blood pressure in the short term does have a significant impact, but in the long term, there will be an increased incidence of other chronic diseases (Laiteerapong et al., 2012). Hypothesis Null hypothesis (Ho): There is no difference in systolic blood pressure and diabetes. Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a difference in systolic blood pressure and diabetes. Result of Categorical and Quantitative Data Table 1: Categorical Data: Diabetes Summary Statistics Table 2: Categorical Data: Diabetes Frequency Distribution Table 3: Quantitative Data: Systolic Blood Pressure Summary Statistics Table 4: Quantitative Data: Systolic Blood Pressure Frequency Distribution (See the PSPP data on the pdf attachment.) Interpret Summary Statistics Diabetes summary statistics: Diabetes is a categorical variable and the dependent variable. The population (N) is 838. The valid percentage of people reporting to never have diabetes is 98.3% (824 people). The valid percentage of people reporting to ever have diabetes is 1.7% (14 people). Systolic blood pressure summary statistics: Systolic blood pressure is a quantitative variable and the independent variable. The population (N) is 1552. The mean of systolic blood pressure is 128.71 with standard deviation of 19.05. The data is positively skew because the mean (128.71) is larger than the median (126). Type 2 Diabetes The study hypothesizes that there is a difference in systolic blood pressure and diabetes. In order to test this hypothesis, systolic blood pressure is compared between two groups of patients. One group of the patients have type two diabetes while the other does not. The diabetes condition is used as a categorical variable to split the groups into two. In order to conduct this test, the Student-t t-test is used to conduct the analysis. Results Table 1: Descriptive statistics Group Statistics diabetes N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean sbp never 775 130.18 18.85 .68 ever 13 139.92 21.48 5.96 Table 2 Independent samples t-test t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference F Sig. sbp Equal variances assumed 1.19 .276 -1.84 786 .065 -9.75 5.28 Equal variances not assumed -1.63 12.31 .129 -9.75 5.99 1. T-statistic The calculated t-statistic from table 1 with equal variances assumed is -1.845. 2. P-value The obtained p-value from the calculated t-statistic is 0.065 3. Decision rule The results are calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Therefore, the significance level is 5%, and the null hypothesis is rejected if the calculated p-value is less than 0.05. Interpretation Since the calculated p-value (P = 0.065) is greater than the significance level (α= 0.05), The null hypothesis is not rejected. Therefore, the conclusion is that, since P >α with P > 0.5 significance, there is no difference in systolic blood pressure and diabetes. Discussion On average, the systolic pressure of individuals ever diagnosed with 2 diabetes (M = 139.92, SD = 21.48) is higher than those who have never been diagnosed (M = 130.18, SD = 18.85). However, this difference is not statistically significant, with 95% confidence that the results are true. It implies a high chance that the systolic blood pressure of individuals with type two diabetes is not any different from individuals without it. Research indicates that individuals with type two diabetes tend to have a higher blood pressure than individuals without (Ephraim, Saasi Anto, & Adoba, 2016). This analysis indicates a similar result; however, it indicates that the blood pressure difference is not significant to use in claiming that it is a major determinant to check for type two diabetes among middle-aged adults. This analysis has limitations that could have led to different results obtained, and they include a relatively low significance level, non-response, and relatively small sample size. Further studies should consider investigating whether systolic blood pressure is related to type two diabetes. Conclusion References Ephraim, R. K., Saasi, A. R., Anto, E. O., & Adoba, P. (2016). Determinants of isolated systolic hypertension among diabetic patients visiting the diabetic clinic at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Northern Ghana. African health sciences, 16(4), 1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i4.33 Laiteerapong N., John P. M., Meltzer D. O., & Huang E. S. (2012). Impact of Delaying Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Decision Analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine : JGIM, 27(6), 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1951-y