1. (a) What were the causes of the rise of the two political parties in the 1790s? (b) What were the parties called and who were their leaders? 2. What did Washington say in his Farewell Address? Name...

1.(a) What were the causes of the rise of the two political parties in the 1790s? (b) What were the parties called and who were their leaders?
A. (a) The Constitutional Convention bore in it the seed of the emergence of the political parties. The presence of a strong national government was voted for by many delegates of the convention, in imitation of that of Great Britain’s. These delegates were known to be the Federalists. The other delegates, who did not support this central idea of governance, all through the United States of America, were known as the anti-federalists. These anti-federalists were in support of retaining the individual independence of the states and together became to be called as Democratic-Republicans. The Constitution of the newly formed republic was amended and ratified, making George Washington the first president of the United States of America by unanimous decisions from both the sides. The cabinet of George Washington consisted of members who held up totally opposite and different views. Respective cabinet members had supporters with different ideas which came together into the political parties, which led to the Congressional Elections of 1792. Both the parties had extended their support to George Washington for a re-election. But the differences became much more prominent and caused a rift in the governing body of the United States of America, when George Washington declared that he would not contest as a presidential candidate in the Congressional Election of 1796, and thus the two parties contested against each other for the first time in 1796.
(b) The Federalist party was led by Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury in George Washington’s cabinet. He was also joined in by John Adams, the second president of the United States of America. The Democratic-Republican party or the anti-federalists were led by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States of America.
2.What did Washington say in his Farewell Address? Name the three main points.
A. George Washington’s farewell address has been regarded as a paramount statement of the United States of America’s political purpose. The Farewell Address encapsulates the fundamental ideas to guide the nation towards progression through the ages. The Farewell address was based on the basic ideals of nationality by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and George Washington. The address starts with George Washington’s justification for leaving the office and showed a bit of regret for not stepping down of office after only his first term. He was tired of the public life that was demanded from him as a president, and he desperately sought his recluse at Mt. Vernon. Washington emphasised that the ‘national union’ was the cornerstone of happiness for the individual and the collective citizens of the United States of America.
He was in fear that local insurgencies may destroy the integrity of the newfound nation. Hence, he stressed on the national unity throughout. Secondly, he warned the nation to be not more loyal to any political party over the nation. Thirdly, he spoke of the imminent danger of the nation’s sovereignty, which could arise from aligning itself with foreign nations.
3.Name (just list) five problems associated with the John Adams presidency.
A. 1. The two parties, namely the Federalists, led by himself and Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, emerged during John Adam’s presidency of one term as the United States of America’s second president.
2. The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, were in favour of allying of the United States of America with France, because France had helped the United States of America during the bloody Revolutionary war. But Federalists and John Adams were against the alliance with France, and it resulted in the embittering of foreign relations with France.
3. The John Adams presidency believed that the federal government should be strong and oppressive on localised powers.
4. The John Adams presidency wanted the state governments to be weak in nature, and did not much believe much in federalism.
5. The John Adams presidency and the federalists believed that the Constitution was meant to be interpreted only superficially.
4.(a)What were two causes of the War of 1812? (b)Who declared war on whom?(c)What happened to the two-party system after the War of 1812 and why?
A. (a) The war of 1812 was preceded by the British restrictions on the trade of the United States of America especially the Cheapstake incident in 1807, and America’s wishes of colonial expansion which included the occupation of the British Commonwealth colony of Canada.
(b) In 1812, underJames Madison’s presidency, the United States Congress declared war against Great Britain.
(c) After the war of 1812, the Federalist Party collapsed, and Thomas Jefferson went into a treaty with Great Britain. The spirit of nationalism and national pride was exuberant at that point of time, and people did not support the Federalist party at all, which clung on to its anti-war values. This collapse brought in the ‘era of good feelings’ in the United States of America.
5.What was the Missouri Crisis about and what was the Missouri Compromise?
A. An unusual pattern was seen to be emerging in the national politics and culture of the United States of America in the nineteenth century. The politics of the United States...