-PSYCOLOGYanswer the questions
Psyc unit 2 ARTICLE 1 Instructions: Click the link below to read the article. Then review the synopsis and answer the related questions. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/opinion/sunday/evolution-and-bad-boyfriends.html? _r=0 Could evolution be the reason that your parents don’t like your partner? According to researchers Weissing and Buunk, evolution may be responsible for parent–child conflict over mates. Throughout history and in societies all over the world, parents have tried to influence the love lives of their children, and now science says that meddling may be evolutionary. In their study, the researchers created a computer model to simulate the evolutionary process. They observed males who all differed genetically in their ability to invest resources in raising children and females who had a genetically determined preference for this male quality. Then, they added the ability of the female’s parents to interfere with her choice of a male. Finally, they allowed parents to distribute their resources among their children. Over thousands of generations, they found that the parents in the model evolved to invest more resources in daughters who chose mates with fewer resources, because by helping needier daughters, parents maximized their total number of surviving grandchildren. Since parents were picking up the “slack” when partners were not providing the right amount of support, women spared themselves the costs of holding out for the “perfect man,” and women became less choosy. In order to counterbalance this, the parental preference for supportive son-in-law increased. QUESTIONS: 1. Which child is most likely to receive the parents’ support? Multiple Choice a daughter with an unsupportive partner
a daughter with a supportive partner
a son with an unsupportive partner
a son with a supportive partner
2. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/opinion/sunday/evolution-and-bad-boyfriends.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/opinion/sunday/evolution-and-bad-boyfriends.html?_r=0 The article states that “the choosiness of females gradually declined over evolutionary time.” What do you think the writers meant by this? SHORT ANSWER 4-5 SENTENCES 3. According to your text, there are critics of evolutionary psychology’s predictions. Outline some of the concerns that these critics may have about the evolutionary model of mating preferences presented here. SHORT ANSWER 4-5 SENTENCES —————————————————————————————————————- ARTICLE 2 Instructions: Click the link to read the article. Then, review the synopsis below and answer the related questions. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201503/none-the-above Synopsis: The term transgender refers to those whose sense of their gender differs from what is expected based on the sex characteristics with which they were born. While positive steps are being taken to promote transgender identity of those who feel they are the opposite gender assigned at birth, those who do not feel they are exclusively men or women have been largely overlooked. They identify with terms such as “genderqueer” or “nonbinary,” rather than “man” or “woman.” Most children who experience a disconnect with their gendered expectations, also known as “gender dysphoria,” do not become transgender adults, but a small proportion do. Science is still not able to determine why people experience such gender variance, but viewing gender as a spectrum has given people more comfortable ways to identify themselves. QUESTIONS: 1. What does the term cisgender mean? Multiple Choice
A-when one identifies as a male even though his biological sex would be considered female
B-when one identifies as a female even though her biological sex would be considered male
C-when one identifies with the gender that is typically associated with one’s https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201503/none-the-above designated sex
D-when one identifies as neither male nor female; a neutral gender
2. What does the term nonbinary mean? Multiple Choice
A-an umbrella term for people who identify as not exclusively a man or a woman, or as something outside of these two concepts
B-an absence of gender identification or expression
C-shifting between different gender identities or expressions
D-having physical sex traits that are not distinctly male or female
3.What does the term intersex mean? Multiple Choice
A-an absence of gender identification or expression
B-an umbrella term for people who identify as not exclusively a man or a woman, or as something outside of these two concepts
C-shifting between different gender identities or expressions
D-having physical sex traits that are not distinctly male or female 4. Summarize the difference between sex and gender identity. SHORT ANSWER 4-5 SENTENCES. 5. What are some examples of other cultures that have recognized non-binary gender identification? SHORT ANSWER 4-5 SENTENCES. —————————————————————————— ARTICLE 3 Female #1: I think that it’s a lot of, like, I don’t know, maybe it’s like TV ads, or magazines. I think magazine have a lot to do with it, because they’re like “Oh, you have to look a certain way and you have to act a certain way.” And there’s so many girls at our school that just, like, act the same and they dress the same. And I look at that and I’m like “Wow, that is really sad.” They don’t have their own personality and they’re just hanging out with each other to make each other look good. You know, it’s like “Oh, you know, and I’m going out with him because he’s really popular.” And it’s just like there’s no point. I don’t know. I just don’t see, like, any meaning to their life. Like, what are they really doing? What are they accomplishing by being like that. They’re not accomplishing anything. They’re just being dumb. Like, they can’t be smart. Like, “Oh my gosh, I can’t answer this question or I’ll look stupid. “ And it’s just like, okay. Female #2: Yeah, and a lot of them, they put, like, a whole ton of make-up on and they change their hair so they can look dumb and they—they think it’s so cool to be ditzy. And it annoys me. Female#1: Yeah. Female #2: And so around the guys they’re, like, “Oh, how do you say this? What is this?” Like, one’s like “I can’t answer this question because then I’ll look really stupid.” I mean, really, cool. No, not cool. What is it that I’m talking about? Female #1: Like nerdy? Female #2: Nerdy, there you go. “And I want to look cool, so
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER 4-5 SENTENCES 1. In your own life, did you ever see girls behaving in any (or all) of the ways described in the video? Do you think there are other factors that were not named in the video that affect the image that girls have of themselves? ———————————————————————- ARTICLE 4 Conformity and Obedience Narrator: To what extent is human behavior the result of independent actions and to what extent to people takes cues for action from those around them? “Candid Camera: November 1962 Allen Funt (off-camera): Here’s a fellow with his hat on in the elevator. Narrator: How are we influenced by group pressure? Allen Funt (off-camera): Now he closes the door. A moment later we open the door. Everybody’s changed positions. Now we’ll see if we can use group pressure for some good. Now in a moment, on Charlie’s signal, everybody turns forward. Notice they take off their hats. And now do you think we can reverse the procedure? Watch. Narrator: In the early 1950’s. Dr. Solomon Asch conducted a controlled laboratory investigation of conformity. His experiment was quite simple: Individuals were to identify which of three comparison lines was closest in length to a standard stimulus line. The catch was that six of the seven participants were actually accomplices of Asch. The person sitting in the sixth position of the table was the only real subject. After the first few trials the confederates began giving an obviously wrong answer to see if the subject would go along with them. Although many subjects initially showed resistance and expressed some doubts as they made a series of judgments, three-fourths ended up agreeing obviously wrong answer at least once. The social pressure exerted by the group was simply too strong. Asch’s experiments were done 50 years ago. The world was much different then. Television was in its infancy, personal computers were unheard of, and individuals had less contact with others through the mass media. Are people different today? Dr. Anthony Pratkanis, a social psychologist at the University of California at Santa Cruz, has been studying conformity in the context of contemporary society. Dr. Pratkanis: Conformity is going along with the group, modeling your responses after what the group is doing. Doing exactly what the crowd, what everybody else, is performing. Narrator: People today are generally considered more self-aware and sophisticated about the effects of social influence. But are they less subject to conformity? Dr. Pratkanis decided to find out. Dr. Pratkanis: …in which there will be a stimulus line over here on your lefthand side and all you’ll need to do is pick which of these lines is the same as the stimulus line. And we’ll go around in order and all you need to do is state the number. We’ll start with Subject Number One. What is your response? Subject #1: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Number Two? Subject #2: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Number… Narrator: On the first two trials the confederates match the stimulus line to the standard line, giving the right answer. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Number Six? Subject #6: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Number Seven? Subject #7: Two. Narrator: On the third trial and thereafter, the confederates give the obviously incorrect response. Subject #2: One. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Three? Subject #3: One. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Four? Subject #4: One. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Five? Subject #5: One. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Six? Subject #6: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Seven? Subject #7: One. Narrator: As this subject hears the rest of the group give the wrong answer, he initially resists the influence of group pressure. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Six? Subject #6: One. Narrator: Most subjects start out defying the group but after repeated trials many of them begin to conform. Subject #3: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Four? Subject #4: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Five? Subject #5: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Six? Subject #6: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Seven? Subject #7: Two. Dr. Pratkanis: Subject Number Four, what is